Political Ideologies Free Essays

D. Sokolova 28/09/2011 On the subject of â€Å"Political Ideology† (Heywood 2003, p. 5) states: † ‘Ideology’ is think about a specific kind of political idea, unmistakable from, state, political theory or political way of thinking. We will compose a custom article test on Political Ideologies or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now † Ideology is a lot of perspectives and thoughts that gives the hypothetical premise to compose and run network life, set up qualities, propensities and points of view. It requests the specific strategies to be utilized for taking care of various social issues. As (MacKenzie, et al. 1994, p. 1) have noted, belief system † gives both a record of existing social and political relations and outline of how these connection should be sorted out. Past this general definition, be that as it may, the idea of belief system is famously hard to get to grasps with. It is stacked with a wide scope of potential implications, a considerable lot of which are conflicting. † The word belief system was begat during the French Revolution by Antoine Destutt de Tracy (1754-1836) , and was first utilized openly in 1796. For de Tracy, ideologue alluded to another ‘science of ideas’, truly a thought ology. † (Heywood 2003, p. 6) De Tracy attempted to discover good, ethic and political marvels of essential awareness and offer a coherent clarification under one idea. For Marx and Engels ‘ideology’ (MacKenzie, et al. 994, p. 5) † is the job of changing chronicled conditions that is principal to the development of thoughts. † Rather, French thinker Louis Pierre Althusser (MacKenzie, et al. 1994, p. 16) † demands the severe partition of philosophy and science. Contending against the conventiona l connection among belief system and truth†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He confirms that † philosophy is the ‘cement’ that ties human social orders together. † An Australian political scholar Minogue have seen, that belief systems (MacKenzie,et al. 1994, p. 4) † make the bogus desire in people’s minds that an ideal world is at last feasible. Starting here of view,† belief systems are viewed as conceptual arrangement of suspected, sets on thoughts that are bound to disentangle and mutilate social reality since they guarantee to clarify what is, honestly, unimaginable. † The principal current type of this view was the British political savant Michael Oakeshott (1901-90)† , who has given rule, that † Ideology is therefore likened with unyieldingness : fixed on opinionated convictions, that are separated from the complexities of this present reality. † (Heywood 2003, p. 10) † The introduction of political belief systems can be f ollowed back to the procedures thought which the advanced world appeared. The procedure of modernization had social, political and social measurement. Socially, it was connected to the rise of progressively showcase orientated and industrialist economies, commanded by new social classes, the white collar class and the regular workers. Strategically, it included the substitution of monarchical absolutism by the development of established and, at the appropriate time, popularity based government. Socially, it appeared as spread of Enlightenment thoughts and perspectives, which tested conventional convictions in religion, legislative issues and learning by and large, in light of a guarantee to the standards of reason and progress. The ‘core’ political belief systems, the ones out of which later philosophies rose or created contrary to †progressivism, conservatism and communism †reflected differentiating reactions to the procedure of modernization. † (Heywood 2003,p. 21-22) Main highlights recognized them from one another are the accompanying: Liberals, especially during the Cold War time frame, have seen philosophy as a formally endorsed conviction framework that asserts a restraining infrastructure of truth, frequently through a false case to be logical. Philosophy is hence naturally harsh, even authoritarian. Preservationists have customarily viewed belief system as appearance of the self-importance of logic. Belief systems are intricate arrangement of believed that are hazardous or temperamental in light of the fact that, being disconnected from the real world, they build up standards and objectives that lead to suppression or are just unachievable. Communists, following Marx, have considered philosophy to be a collection of thoughts that hide the logical inconsistencies of class society, along these lines advancing bogus cognizance and political inactivity among subordinate classes†¦ Later Marxist received unbiased idea of belief system, viewing it as the unmistakable thoughts of any social class, including the regular workers. Extremist are frequently contemptuous of philosophy as an over-deliberate, dry and intellectualized type of political understanding that depends on insignificant explanation instead of enthusiasm and the will. The Nazis liked to depict their own thoughts as a Weltanschaung or ‘world view’, not as efficient way of thinking. Scientists have would in general see al traditional political conventions as a component of super-belief system of industrialism. Philosophy is in this manner corrupted by its relationship with self-important humanism and development orientated financial matters progressivism and communism being its most clear models. Strict fundamentalists have regarded key strict writings as belief system, in light of the fact that, by communicating the uncovered universe of God, they give a program to far reaching social remaking. (Heywood 2003, p. 15) It is unmistakable, that the hypothesis of philosophy despite everything has a wide range of highlights. This view has been upheld in the (Eccleshall 1984, p. 23) saying that â€Å"Ideology is the domain where individuals explain and legitimize their activities as they seek after different interests. † However, â€Å".. there is no settle or concurred meaning of the term, just an assortment of adversary definitions. As David McLellan (1995) put it, ‘Ideology is the most tricky idea in the entire of social science’. † (Heywood 2003, p. 5) Bibliography 1. Heywood Andrew. Political belief systems: A presentation. third version. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. 2. Eccleshall Robert, Geoghegan Vincent, Jay Richard, Kenny Michael, MacKenzie Iain and Wilford Rick. Political Ideologies: A presentation. second release. London: Routledge, 1994. 3. Eccleshall Robert, Geoghegan Vincent, Jay Richard and Rick Wilford. Political Ideologies: An Introduction Great Britain: Essex, 1984. Step by step instructions to refer to Political Ideologies, Papers

Computer Sciences and Information Technology Essay - 1

PC Sciences and Information Technology - Essay Example EHRs are exceptionally snappy as there is no requirement for any desk work for reporting and sharing of the data and pictures. Subsequently, an EHR assumes a crucial job in proof based treatment and dynamic without experiencing the manual procedure (Williams, 2010). These empower access to the records even from far off regions by methods for web based systems administration. The disadvantage with EHRs is that they are very costly however once executed, they will in general be very practical. Carter (2008) considered that the idea of EHRs started in 1960s â€Å"with the COSTAR framework, created by Barnett at the Laboratory of Computer Science at Massachusetts General Hospital† (p.7). As indicated by him, the previous endeavors gave models and pseudo sorts on which current â€Å"hospital-based and ambulatory† EHRs depend on. EHRs can be utilized as devices for coherence of care and for communitarian execution of human services suppliers. EHRs are a huge commitment to the clinical business since these have modernized the way patients’ information are put away. Inconveniences Research has it that in spite of critical focal points of EHRs, their appropriation rates are advancing rather gradually. Gans et al. (2005) directed an examination on the utilization of EHRs and IT based instruments in the wellbeing business and reasoned that most wellbeing experts were not joining EHRs, particularly in littler practices. Their discoveries proposed that the reception of EHRs was gaining ground at an agonizingly slow clip; in any case, the doctors intended to fuse them in the coming years. They found this happened in light of the fact that the experts thought that it was hard to pick and execute EHRs. What shielded doctors from executing EHRs in their settings was the information hole. Jha et al. (2009) led a noteworthy study of various intense consideration medical clinics to discover the EHR usefulness and usage. They found that out of the 63% medical c linics in the US that were overviewed, just 1.5% had incorporated the utilization of extensive EHRs and 7.6% were following an essential model of EHRs. They recommended that the lower appropriation rate was because of higher upkeep costs. Linder et al. (2007) led a review cross-sectional overview to decide the connection between the utilization of EHRs in wellbeing focuses and the nature of mobile heath care which they alluded to as wandering quality markers. They found that there was no huge presentation distinction between the focuses that utilized EHRs and those which didn't. Significant Competitors in the Marketplace Gold (2011) writes in his refreshed guide about EHRs about significant rivals in the commercial center that are advancing this innovation. As indicated by him, seeing the exhibition of EHRs, all things considered, EHRs will be executed in all wellbeing associations in not so distant future replacing paper documentation that has been set up for a considerable length of time. At present, the market heads for EHRs incorporate Cerner, iSoft and Emis. Cerner is the US based item and â€Å"has so far been introduced across 16 trusts and in excess of 70 emergency clinics since being propelled in 2004, as the favored NPfIT programming for London†, composes Gold (2011). The wellbeing associations that have, at present, utilized Cerner EHRs incorporate Kingston Hospital, Homerton Hospital in London, Newham University Hospital trust, and Wirral University Teaching Hospital establishment trust. iSoft is an Australian organization. The US IT firm, CSC, is getting it for usage. Th

Rawls A theory of Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rawls A hypothesis of Justice - Essay Example He questions, is there any framework to orchestrate society, which can keep these issues inside average cutoff points And can a social framework be sorted out on just and reasonable standard that it gets worthy to the greater part of populace. As indicated by Rawls, we as a whole consent to have a recently implicit agreement with our through and through freedom without knowing (numbness) a definitive results of our choice, which he names as unique position. As indicated by the first position, nobody knows his place in the public arena, his class position or economic wellbeing, nor does anybody know his fortune in the circulation of regular resources and capacities, his knowledge, quality and such (Rawls, p 12). Along these lines behind this cloak of obliviousness various gatherings will dog their own advantages. Rawl's clarifies that all the groups in this theoretical society will receive two fundamental principals: the head of rights and obligations, and the reasonable appropriation of social and monetary remuneration in a general public. The primary chief is outright every individual is to have an equivalent right to the most broad fundamental freedom good with a comparable freedom for other people (Rawls, p 60), which gives essential rights, for example, the right to speak freely of discourse and articulation, and the option to owe property. The main rule is pretty much outright, and may not be abused, anyway it tends to be exchanged for getting different rights. Accord As indicated by the second head social and financial disparities are to be organized with the goal that they are both: a) to the best advantage of the least advantaged, and (b) appended to workplaces and positions open to every single under state of reasonable balance of chance (Rawls, 1971, pg. 303). Rawls' central 2(a) is unique in relation to the ordinary type of equity, anyway he validates on the ground of improving the destiny of dis-advantaged individuals. As he clarifies that equity ought not be established to disintegrate the state of an individual as of now in a more regrettable circumstance. The 2(b) presents the appropriation of workplaces and positions on merit premise, yet all hopeful competitors ought to have the right stuff on which they will be evaluated. Pundits have thought of a few contentions against Theory of Justice, for example, Rawl's vision is intended to satisfy moral standards as opposed to genuine social problems. Rawl referenced that people can't surrender their essential freedoms for monetary or social advantage, anyway the requesting of the standards can in any case make more noteworthy imbalances, testing the fundamental principals of equity and freedom. Many inquiry the conviction on equivalent chance, if the individuals who have the necessary IQ and abilities snatch prized positions, the Individuals with serious mental or physical handicaps will endlessly linger behind and will have no spot in the such society. These person with lower aptitudes can't rival these canny people, applying the idea of equivalent open door on such people who don't meet the prerequisites of a serious society is again a victimization the individuals with lower capacities. Progressivism has seemed on many occasions ever. As per the radicalism hypothesis, state ought not meddle in person's life and an individual is allowed to pick the last useful for his/her life as long as these yearnings don't struggle with state law. In plain words, the radicalism hypothesis requests that state stay nonpartisan in the resident's lifestyle and should treat residents equivalent in any case

Strategies for finishing ACT Reading faster

The most common issue that students have on ACT Reading is time. Granted, the timing is tight: 35 minutes for four passages and 40 questions, or precisely 8 minutes and 45 seconds per passage/ten question set. The timing, however, is not the whole story. In reality, what presents itself as a time issue is often something else entirely. Most people assume that they have problems on ACT Reading because they cant read fast enough when the real problem is that they dont know how to read effectively enough to locate the requisite information in time. Yes, it is true that many ACT Reading questions are detailed-based and require the identification of a particular fact buried in the middle of a paragraph, but what many test-takers overlook is the fact that there are many strategies they can employ to quickly locate the necessary information even if they have no recollection whatsoever of where it is. In a roundabout way, the ACT can actually be more of a reasoning test than the SAT, and if you really want to improve your score dramatically, you need to treat it like one. Simply reading each passage fully, trying to absorb all of the information, and then going through the questions in order will have little to no long-term effect on your score. The bottom line is that if you want to get through all four passages in time and obtain a high score, you must be willing to be flexible and shift your strategy to fit the question.That includes doing the following: 1) Skip around When students with solid comprehension skills get stuck below a certain score on ACT Reading, its usually not because they spend a little too much time on every question, but rather because they spend far too much time on a handful of questions. When they learn to identify those potentially time-consuming questions upfront and go into the test planning to skip them, their score often jumps two or three points right away. In general, if a question looks hard or time-consuming, skip it upfront and come back to it if you have time. Figure out a marking system so that you dont forget do so. Your goal is to get as many questions right as you possibly can, so dont sacrifice questions you can answer easily for questions that will take a lot of time and that you may not even get right. For example, if you know that main point questions are consistently problematic, dont even look at them until youve answered every other question that set. 2) Learn to distinguish between detail passages and argument passages and treat them accordingly For passages that focus more on details or descriptions without a real point, you can ignore this process; it wont really get you anywhere. For the passages that do focus on a single argument, however, you need to take the time to both determine and write down the main point. Keeping that information in mind when you answer the questions can save you unbelievable amounts of time. 3) Learn what information you can skip initially This is another strategy that comes primarily into play when youre dealing with a straightforward argument passage. Whenever you encounter a topic sentence that clearly indicates that the rest of the paragraph will just offer supporting details, you can skip the rest of the paragraph. If a question asks specifically about those lines, you can go back and read them closely, but remember: the topic sentence has already told you why those details were important, and theres a decent chance thats what the ACT will ask about. 4) Think logically about where information is most likely to be located This may sound obvious, but very often when asked to locate a piece of information that they dont recall, people begin re-reading the passage from the beginning. Dont. If the passage discusses a movement chronologically and the question asks about an event that clearly must have happened toward the end of the movement, focus on the end of the passage. In addition, when youre trying to locate information that you simply dont remember reading, just focus on the topic sentences to help you figure out where the topic is discussed. If you try to skim through the interiors of paragraphs, youll most likely just end up lost. 5) Circle major transitions and important information and dont forget to consult those spots when you look back. Thats where the information that gets asked about will probably be. Its a waste of time to make notes if you just end up ignoring them and skimming through random sections. 6) Take shortcuts The ACT can be exactly like the SAT here, in the sense that theres often a back door that will let you quickly answer what appears to be a complicated question. For example: if a question asks about the order of a series of events and the answers list four different combinations, each with a different event first, you just have to figure out the first event. By default, only the answer that lists that event first can be right. 7) Learn when to look at the answers first and when to look at the passage (or your notes) first Again, this requires that you be willing to shift your strategy to fit the question. If its a main point of passage question, you need to consult your notes about the main point. If its a main point of paragraph question, you need to read the topic sentence of the paragraph in question. If its an all of the following EXCEPT question, you need to look at the answer choices first. You just have to do whatever will get you the answer fastest.

The Effects Of Workplace On The Organization And Answer...

A bully will never cease from intimidating others; he or she enters the work place and continue to terrorize colleagues with his or her disruptive and hurtful behavior. Almost everyone has succumbed to bullying in life, whether it was in the role as an innocent target, horrible aggressor, or tacit bystander. Thus, recently social media seems to express utter disdain with bullies terrifying innocuous classmates in schools, but many organizations overlook workplace bullying and underestimate its power since it is not a punishable offense. Consequently, almost 14 million American adults succumb to bullying daily, and millions more experience the mortifying consequences of witnessing the maltreatment (Namie, 2011). Therefore, this brief research will discuss the impact of workplace bullying on the organization and answer the following questions: 1. What is workplace bullying? 2. What are the causes of workplace bullying? 3. What is the cost of workplace bullying? 4. How can a corporation eradicate workplace bullying? Thus, bullying is a methodical operation of interpersonal destruction that endangers a person’s health, career, and job. Furthermore, it is a non-physical, non-homicidal manner of violence and abuse, and it causes severe emotional harm. Although workplace bullying is not illegal, it occurs four times more than sexual harassment or racial discrimination in the workplace (Namie, 2015). Additionally, bullying is a destructive, silent epidemic that thoroughlyShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Workplace Bullying On The Organization And Answer The Following Questions Essay1315 Words   |  6 Pagesin schools, but many organizations overlook workplace bullying and underestimate its power since it is not a punishable offense. Consequently, almost 14 million American adults succumb to bullying daily, and millions more experience the mortifying consequences of witnessing the maltreatment (Namie, 2011). Therefore, this brief research will discuss the impact of workplace bullying on the orga nization and answer the following questions: 1. What is the definition of workplace bullying? 2. What areRead MoreOhS-Assignment 1 Essay1575 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment 1 Quiz - OHS act Ch.6 Question 1 Marks: 1 A Joint Health and Safety committee is mandated in any organization with more than how many employees? Choose one answer. a. 2 workers b. 5 workers c. 10 workers d. 20 workers e. 50 workers Correct Marks for this submission: 1/1. Question 2 Marks: 1 Biohazard exposure is not as common as: Choose one answer. a. noise exposure b. physical agents c. chemical exposure Read MoreMGT 312 Entire Course1103 Words   |  5 Pagesto your workplace. How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include  at least two scholarly citations from the library.  MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Click  the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment.   MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper       MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET    Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Complete  the matrix below with 3 to 5 job skills found in the workplace that couldRead MoreMgt 312 Entire Course Essay1145 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizational behavior components relate to your workplace. †¢ How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include at least two scholarly citations from the library. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Complete the matrix below with 3Read MoreMgt 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager Complete Class1190 Words   |  5 Pagesorganizational behavior components relate to your workplace. †¢ How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include at least two scholarly citations from the library. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Click the Assignment Files tab to submit your assignment. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Organizational Behavior in the Workplace WORKSHEET Complete the matrix below with 3Read MoreThe Glass Ceiling Effect Stand Between Men And Women Employees Essay889 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy is to ascertain whether women employees in TfL experience the â€Å"glass ceiling† effect. As a result, the study is designed to focus on the positive experiences and approaches that contribute to and influence the success of women in senior level administration positions instead of focusing on the barriers to such. Research Questions The following question will guide the study: How does the glass ceiling effect stand between men and women employees, especially those in senior level management withinRead MoreWEEKLY KNOWLEDGE1570 Words   |  7 PagesWeek 1 Knowledge Check Concepts Mastery Score: 24/25 Questions 0% 1 RHETORICAL DEVICES AND FALLACIES 100% 2 ENHANCING CREATIVITY AND INNOVATION 100% 3 CREDIBILITY OF CLAIMS 100% 4 ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS 100% 5 ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 100% 6 INTRINSIC MOTIVATION 100% 7 GROUP STRATEGIES 100% 8 LEADERSHIP STYLE 100% 9 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 100% 10 THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS 100% 11 Read MoreMgt312 Mgt 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager – All Assignments772 Words   |  4 Pagesof how these organizational behavior components relate to your workplace. How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include at least two scholarly citations from the library. MGT 312 WEEK 2 Personality Impact Paper Complete the personality assessments in Ch. 2 of Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior: Exhibit 2.5, 2.6, and 2.7 Write a 350- to 700-word paper covering the following: Summarize the major aspects of your personality based on the personalityRead MoreThe Value Of Retaining Employees932 Words   |  4 PagesLaura Michaud expresses the importance and what it takes to retain employees in her article, The Value of Retaining Employees. It’s hard to retain employees especially when opposing organizations try to influence employees with offers of more money or more perks. Michaud discusses five important retention tips that will keep employees happy; build relationships, offer praise, listen, create a fun environment, and strengthen the team. Retention is important for a company because losing employees canRead MoreHow Employees Define Understands, And Link Engagement At The Workplace983 Words   |  4 PagesPurpose Researchers have found only 30% of employees in the United States are actively engaged in the workplace (Gallup 2013). In 2010, data provided by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics (as cited in Moreland, 2013) show more individuals are voluntarily quitting their jobs. With over 70% of US workers disengaged, this topic has arguably prompted an interest that continues to be earnestly pursued by many. As a result, the Gallup Q12 expands the need for additional research based on their finding

Research Findings Practice and Skills †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Research Findings Practice and Skills. Answer: Introduction: The relationship here is described from two perspectives, one of which says that the relationship between the leader and the led is based on the framework of exchange relationship whereas the other perspective reveals that the relationship is essentially emotional. According to the first perspective the leader makes his people aware of the link between the efforts put into the organization and the reward they receive for their efforts (Goleman, 2017). This perspective according to Hollander has been described as transactional, because of clear identified transactions between the leader and the employees. In this case, the leader is considered to be a diagnostician who with due diligence acknowledges the needs and expectations of the subordinates and responds them accordingly (Heifetz Linsky, 2017). However, transactional leadership is flawed to certain extent, as it has ramifications for the employees who do not perform according to the standards of organization. This type of leader ship divides the organization into two halves, which is extremely bad culture set up. The second perspective can be related to charismatic and inspirational style of leadership, herein the leader drives emotions amongst its employees and motivates them to go and work beyond the framework of give and take relationship. Plethora of writers and experts have described characteristic of such leaders so powerful that they can drive emotions beyond any framework, so much so that the people are willing to sacrifice anything. This type of leadership is pivotal in taking organization to the Zenith of success, create disruption in the existing industry norms and introduce revolutionary product and services for the society, some examples of such leaders are Steve Jobs, Mahatma Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jack Welch(DuBrin, 2015). It has been pointed out that leaders have to be authoritative, however it is a negative word, and the leaders have to be inspirational and visionary for the sustainability of the organization and its employees. Transactional leadership which is based on the instrumental exchange relations and emotion-rousing leadership which is based on the attribute of transference, attribution and projection needs a thorough analysis to understand each one of them in the light of relevancy. It is known that in an organization employees are arranged in a hierarchy hence need motivation according to the level of hierarchy. Maslows hierarchy theory which is also the need theory motivates people according to their levels in hierarchy. A leader has to assess what is the need of the individual and what would motivate him to reach the goals set up for him (Priest Gass, 2017). Maslow theory clearly states, with a few exception that when one need of the person gets fulfilled he gradually moves to another level of needs. For example on satisfying the Psychological needs, one move towards the society needs and so on, the implication for the leaders is to assess the needs of the employee and motivate him accordingly (McCleskey, 2014). In certain organization, where employees feel secure and their psychological needs are satisfied, in such type of organizations transactional leadership is exercised. Vrooms expectancy theory goes down well with the above mentioned claim, the better is the ability of the leader to diagnose the expectation, the more effective his leadership style becomes. Unlike in other cases, where employees are threatened for their position and are not secure, in such instances, mechanism of projections, transference and attribution directs the leaders to be more emotional, understand the concerns of the employees and act accordingly. An important observation has been made between the leadership and the led according to the distance between them. It has been pointed that greater the distance between the leader and the led, they have less information, hence they are more active in competing through the schema of attributions and projection, while in the case where distance is less, it is other way a round(Gorman Messal, 2017). In order to conclude the above mentioned analysis, it can be said that the shorter the distance between the leader and the led, leader is seen more often, judged and evaluated critically on his behaviour, thinking and professionalism. Whereas, the greater the distance between the leader, the employees dont judge or evaluate him on his thinking and behaviour, but evaluates according to their projection, fantasy or schema. Thus, leadership is a very personal and emotional concept, people have different traits which makes them a leader, which differ from each other, in the end what clicks for the organization is the essence of leadership for that particular organization(Mittal Dhar, 2015). Transactional leadership is said to be highly responsive in its approach and it deals with the present situation at hand, it is a clear case of give and take scenario, the people who perform are rewarded, while the others who do not perform are treated badly. This however is not a good sign for a healthy organizational culture; it separates good employees from bad. Ideally, the people who are not performing should be motivated to perform; this can be done either through some form of training or by showing them the biggest picture or their career path in the organization (Muenjohn Armstrong, 2015). Charismatic leadership, which was portrayed by Steve jobs at Apple, is seen as a reflection of Projection, attribution and transference by the people who are following such leaders. The image of leaders is the true reflection of the employees about the leadership. This type of leaders is extremely organic in nature and cannot be at any cost adapted or acquired. Charismatic leadership arises out of the circumstances, in such type of leadership the distance between the leaders and led is much higher, this gives the leader a space to invent and work on his ideas, ideas which can shape the future of the present industry and cause disruption. Transformational leadership on the other hand uses the best of all the forms of leadership and is highly proactive in nature. Jeff Bezos, the present visionary and leader of Amazon practices transformational leadership. He exercises this leadership to empower its employees, sets higher expectation for the organization and the employees and sets aside a clear roadmap to reach the set goal. This is the contemporary form of leadership which is being used in the organization; leaders have realized the importance of employees and empower them to reach their goals which are in perfect alignment with those of the organization. To conclude, the literature here has explained leadership in the light of the distance between the leader and led, emotional connection with the employees and based on the attributes of transference, attribution and projection mechanism for the leader. However, Transformational leadership style fits all the above mentioned criteria and also uses the Maslow need theory to motivate the employees creating a highly successful and goal oriented organization. References Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E (2017).Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. DuBrin, A.J (2015).Leadership: Research findings, practice, and skills. Nelson Education. Goleman, D (2017).Leadership That Gets Results (Harvard Business Review Classics). Harvard Business Press. Gorman, C.A. and Messal, C.A (2017). Inspiring the Helpful Self: How Transformational Leadership Motivates Organizational Citizenship Behavior. Heifetz, R. and Linsky, M (2017).Leadership on the Line, With a New Preface: Staying Alive Through the Dangers of Change. Harvard Business Press. McCleskey, J.A (2014). Situational, transformational, and transactional leadership and leadership development.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(4), p.117. Mittal, S. and Dhar, R.L (2015). Transformational leadership and employee creativity: mediating role of creative self-efficacy and moderating role of knowledge sharing.Management Decision,53(5), pp.894-910. Muenjohn, N. and Armstrong, A (2015). Transformational leadership: The influence of culture on the leadership behaviours of expatriate managers.international Journal of Business and information,2(2). Northouse, P.G (2018).Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Priest, S. and Gass, M (2017).Effective Leadership in Adventure Programming, 3E. Human Kinetics.

Sociology of Health and Illness Essay Example

Sociology of Health and Illness Essay The state of our health is very important to us, we spend a lot of time and money on trying to stay healthy, but what do we mean by Health? The world Health Organisation (WHO) describes health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being which is more than just the absence of disease.When we think of health and illness, there is a general conception that it involves health habits such as exercise and eating the right food, as well as institutions such as hospitals and doctors. In Western societies it is commonly accepted that if we are ill it is a result of an infectious disease that can be cured by modern medicine, or is a result of genetics or lifestyle choices. Sociologists propose a different cause. They examine patterns within society, and they seek social rather than biological answers and suggest that the differences in health and illness between different groups within society are influenced by social, economic, cultural and political factors. It is from thes e observations that sociologists have concluded, health is unevenly distributed in a systematic way.Social class has always been a fundamental concept in medical sociology, demonstrating its empirical value for the understanding of ‘health chances’ for the individual ever since the early years of this century when Stevenson constructed a classification based on father’s occupation for the purpose of analysing infant mortality in England and Wales. In the past, however, medical sociologists have been criticised for an atheoretical use of class. Medical sociology, and especially the ‘inequality in health’ debate, have thus been criticised as being isolated from developments in wider sociology. (Fitzpatrick, 2004, 199-202) The objective of this paper, however, is to document how this is changing. It is argued that, currently, medical sociology is both taking note of contemporary theory of class and contributing to it. This is occurring largely through a n attempt to incorporate the concept of time. Health is a characteristic where time cannot be ignored: the sociology of health is concerned with birth and death, ageing and the life course, becoming ill and getting better, moving through both personal and historical trajectories. Health is neither simply a characteristic of the individual nor an event, but their meeting as they come together in biography. Thus health is a topic which adds in a special way to both structure and action as they are conceived of in the theory of class.This observation has been linked to class, gender, race, ethnicity and geographical location, in understanding why certain groups experience significantly different rates of illness. The sociology of health and illness is concerned with the social origins of and influences on disease, rather than the professional interests of medicine that examine health and illness from its biological development and regards illness as a malfunction of the human body. (Wi lkinson, 1999, 391-412) The social theory of health and illness is critical of the medical model and treats concepts of health and illness as highly problematic and political. It also gives special attention to how patients experience and express their distress when ill, but is critical of the ideal of the so-called sick roles. It argues that modern societies are primarily concerned with illness because of the emphasis that the medical professions have placed on it. Finally, the social approach has been critical of the medicalisation of social problems, such as lifestyle illness, like stress (Abercrombie, Hill, 2001, p. 337).Our ideas about what health and illness are have been shaped by the influence of contemporary medicine. It has been given high priority by British society with many industries being built around it whose main goals are not only health but also profit. However health and illness is far more than just medicine and medical treatments. Health and illness is closely linked to social structures and economic forces that go a long way to determining our health and our access to health resources. (Drever, 2001, 93-100) Health is linked inversely to income, with the poor generally suffering from worse health and limited health care as compared with the wealthier who tend to have better health and far greater access to health care.( Mensah, 2002, 1-7) Deficiency diseases such as Rickets and Scurvy are caused due to a lack of certain vitamins or minerals in the diet. Self-Inflicted diseases such as Lung Cancer, Alcohol Abuse, Anorexia and Bulimia are caused by peoples lifestyles, environment and maybe lack of education and awareness.( Smith, 1999, 10-12)We are concerned with infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases and lifestyle diseases. All the diseases that fit under one of the above titles can be reduced or even eradicated, if humans change their attitudes and behaviours towards them. Below is a list of some of the diseases that humans p ass on to one another or threw lifestyle:Impetigo Alcohol AbuseGonorrhea Drug AbuseSyphilis Food PoisoningInfluenza ChickenpoxMeasles PolioDiet HerpesTuberculosis Heart DiseaseHIV/AIDS ColdsCholera ChlamydiaLung Cancer Cold SoresIllegal Drugs HepatitisGlandular Fever ImpetigoSkin Cancer ScabiesSome of the diseases listed above are more fatal than others, but they all affect our health one way or another. In third world countries the number of infected is the highest, this may be due to the lack of sex, health education, poverty and living conditions. (Mili, 2003, 160-66)In the U.K we are still contracting HIV/AIDS, why is this? We all have access to free protection (condoms), and we have all been educated to the risks and dangers of HIV/AIDS threw some sort of media form. But still we continue to spread the disease, could this be cause our attitudes towards it is it wont happen to me or have we a lack of self respect? Many non-infectious diseases are a result of the lifestyle people are either forced or choose to lead, for example: the diet they eat, to smoke or not to smoke, or to use illegal drugs or not. Theses diseases are self-inflicted as they are well within our control. Some factors to why we inflict theses diseases upon ourselves may be a lack of awareness, addiction, social class also living conditions.( Davey, 1997, 547-52)There have been extensive changes in the world of production, with the decline in manufacturing industry. The middle classes have not only increased in size, in both absolute and relative terms, but have also become more differentiated. There has been a shrinkage of the wage labour society, through extended education, earlier retirement, shorter hours, and the development of part-time, shared, and contract work. The boundaries between work and non-work become more fluid, with flexible forms of employment and domestic and wage labour less clearly separated. There is a shortening of the proportion of the lifespan spent in work. Risi ng living standards, a decline in the influence of traditional institutions, and the erosion of traditional status orders, have all been implicated in the changing meaning of class. (Davey, 1998, 934-39)These practical problems of applying RG Social Class, and doubts about the continuing validity of the system, have caused increasing unease about using class as an explanatory variable in health. In the field of inequality of health, for instance, class continues, despite all the problems noted above, to be a useful descriptive variable, but it offers little to explanation, to the identification of the factors which cause social variation. There is no clarity about what RG Social Class actually measures, or with what accuracy. (Davey, 1994, 131-44) The basis is officially described as level of occupational skill, implicitly presumed to be associated with both a material, economic dimension and a status dimension. The conflation has been criticised by Weberians and Marxists alike. In fact, rather little attention has been paid by theoretical sociologists to mapping either changing rewards or shifting prestige in RG classes over time, since in the wider sociological arena it is preferred to dismiss the simple RGSC I-V altogether. It is only medical sociology which has remained to some extent tied to the system because of its use for census and mortality data. (Eyler, 2002, 23-30)Emotions lie at the juncture of a number of classical and contemporary debates in sociology including the micro-macro divide, positivism versus anti-positivism, quantitative versus quantitative, prediction versus description, managing versus accounting for emotions, and biosocial versus social constructionist perspectives. (Hill, 2001, 329-36) Temptation to overstretch their explanatory frames of reference (i.e. move to the other extreme of the organic-social spectrum). Indeed, a purely constructionist perspective in the sociology of emotions, as Armstrong, Â  rightly argues: ignores bio logical process and presents a disembodied view of human emotions. The relationship between body and emotions are not resolved by ignoring the body’s relevance or by viewing emotions simply as cognitive products’ (1995:404). ‘Going beyond’ the biological, in short, does not mean ignoring it altogether. Rather, it necessitates a more intricate model than organismic theorists or social constructionists propose of how social and cognitive influences ‘join’ physiological ones in the genesis of human emotions.( Higgs, 1998,45-50)Emotions are embodied experiences; ones which radiate through the body as a lived structure of on-going experience and centrally involve self-feelings which constitute the inner core of emotionality. For individuals to understand their own lived emotions, they must experience them socially and reflectively. It is here at the intersection between emotions as embodied experiences, their socially faceted nature, and their link s with feelings of selfhood and personal identity, that a truly sociological perspective and understanding of emotions can most fruitfully be forged. (Bury, 2002, 167-82) Building on these insights, Emotions are best seen as complexes rather than things; ones which are multi- rather than uni-dimensional in their composition. (Blane, 1993, 1-15) Â  Emotions, he suggests, arise within social relationships, yet display a corporeal embodied aspect as well as a socio-cultural one; something which, in turn, is linked to techniques of the body learned within a social habitus.The pursuit of health has become an important activity, especially for the American middle class. Millions of people have become concerned about their health and have changed their behaviour in order to protect or improve it. Millions more continue to act as always or with minor changes but now with awareness that such behaviour puts them ‘at risk’. In either case, health has become an important topic in everyday conversation, reflecting an extraordinary expansion of medical, political, and educative discourses about health hazards and ways to protect individuals and populations against them. There are several kinds of health discourse. Health promotion means the set of discourses and practices concerned with individual behaviours, attitudes, dispositions or lifestyle choices said to affect health. Protecting and improving individual health appear to be prototypical acts of practical reason and personal responsibility—a matter of common sense. The appearance is based on the assumption that, given accurate medical information about hazards to health and naturally desiring to live a long life free from debilitating disease, the rational person will act to avoid unnecessary dangers and adopt healthy behaviours. Yet, there is a parallel appearance. No matter how much or how little is undertaken in the name of health, we all know that the attempt falls short. Health promotion is a n imperfect practice, an experience of conflicting urges and varied outcomes. Few of us live consistently healthy lifestyles and those who approach that ideal seem to be engaged in an unhealthy obsession. In short, we are both ambivalent and inconsistent in following the rules of health.